DOS operating systems

MS-DOS Source

Before starting, comment that before the section of history that we are going to explain, there is activity related to the MS-DOS operating system, but that has no greater relevance, such as versions very little developed and that did not even exist with the name of MS-DOS.

The story begins in 1981, with the purchase by Microsoft of an operating system called QDOS, which after making a few modifications, becomes the first version of the operating system of Microsoft MS-DOS 1.0 (MicroSoft Disk Operating System)

From here, a series of modifications of the operating system follow, up to version 7.1, from which MS-DOS ceases to exist as such and becomes an integrated part of the Windows operating system.

Now we will explain and comment on the MS-DOS chronology in all versions:

In 1982, version 1.25 appears, which adds support for double-sided diskettes.

It is not until the following year, 1983, when the system begins to have more functionality, with its version 2.0, which adds support to IBM hard disks of 10 MB, and the possibility of reading-writing 5.25 "disks with capacity of 360Kb In version 2.11 of the same year, new keyboard characters are added.

In 1984, Microsoft would release its version 3.0 of MS-DOS, and that is when it adds support for high-density 1.2MB disks and the possibility of installing a hard disk with a maximum of 32MB.


In the same year, support for Microsoft networks was added in version 3.1.



Commad DOS

dir : Displays the contents of the C: \ drive on the screen.
dir > example.txt: Creates a text file named example.txt that contains the contents of the C: \ drive.
dir  >> sample.txt: Add the contents of the drive C: \ already exists file called example.txt
dir > lpt1: Print the contents of the C: \ drive on the printer connected to the LPT1 port
dir > com1: Print the contents of the C: \ drive on the printer connected to port com1
dir  | Clip: Copy the contents to the clipboard (English version).

More Command

dir d: Displays the contents of drive D: \
dir d: / a: h / s: Displays the contents of drive D: \ including hidden files and subfolders
dir,: Displays the contents of the current directory including hidden files and subfolders (this functionality has been discontinued in newer versions of Windows).
dir /? : Displays help for the dir command.


What is the difference between internal and external commands?

When your computer is in operating system, small programs are loaded into memory, these programs can be executed without the need for your computer to search the program on the hard disk, this is called Internal Commands.
At the moment of writing a command to be something big, the computer needs to read it from somewhere to be able to execute since these commands can not be stored in the ram and also has some other options (parameters) which help you to complement the Desired action, that's why they are called external commands.


INTERNAL COMMANDS:

These are programs that are transferred from the operating system to reside in memory (RAM) and are located in Command.com, which can be executed at any time from the command prompt, these programs are stored in memory when read The command.com. These commands do not require the presence of the operating system disk.

Your resident commands are as follows:

** BREAK: Enables or disables extended verification CTROL + C.
** CD (CHDIR): Displays the name of or changes the current directory. Ex: C: \> DOS CD Enter. With the previous example it means that we have moved from the root directory to the DOS directory.
** CHCP: Displays or sets the number of active code tables.
** CLS: Clear the screen.
** COPY: Copy one or more files to another location. Example: c: \> COPY DesignTXT A: enter. With the above example it says that the TXT layout file has been copied from disk c to disk a.
** CTTY: Switches the terminal device to control your system.
** DATE: displays or sets the date.
** DEL (ERASE): Delete one or more files. Ex: C: \> DELTXT Design Enter. Using the above example means that the TxtText file has been deleted from disk C.


EXTERNAL COMMANDS

These commands need a lot of memory capacity to stay inside it at the same time, so they are recorded on the disk, and we can assign them when necessary. They are called external because they are recorded outside the RAM.

Transient or External Commands:

** APPEND: Opens data files in specified directories.
** ATTRIB: Displays or changes the file indicators.
** CHKDSK: Checks a disk and displays a status report.
** DBLSPACE: Sets or configures compressed disk drives.
** DEBUG: Starts Debug, a publisher and proofreader.
** DEFRAG: Rearrange files on a disk to optimize it.
** DELOLDOS: Removes the OLD-DOS.1 directory and its files.
** DELTREE: Deletes a directory, its files and subdirectories.
** DISCOMP: Compare the contents of two floppy disks.
** DISKCOPY: Copies the contents of one floppy disk into another.
** DOSKEY: Edits command lines, invokes DOS commands, creates macros.
** DOSSHELL: Indicates DOS graphical interface.
** EDIT: Starts the DOS Editor that creates and modifies ASCII files.
** EMM386: Enables or disables access to expanded memory.
** EXPAND: Expands one or more compressed files.
** FASTHELP: Presents a quick help of DOS commands.
** FASTOPEN: Decreases the time to open files and directories.
** FC: Compare files and show their differences.
** FDISK: Set up a hard disk for DOS use.
** FIND: Searches for a string of text in one or more files.
** FORMAT: Format a floppy disk for use with DOS. Command of the MS-DOS operating system whose mission is to format the storage units (hard disks and diskettes).

MS-DOS related terms

It is a set of programs and auxiliary files that allow interactivity between the user and the computer, behaving as an interpreter between human language and machine language. It also handles the administration of the devices as well as the loading and execution of applications.

      Previously the operating systems had the following characteristics:

Figure 1. Ms-DOS main screen.

Single user: only one user could use it at a time.

Monotarea: this is that you could not access several applications at once.

Text environment: for basic management, only needed the use of the keyboard, while for your applications if you could use the mouse.


Program On DOS

Sound Programs (includes audio CD players)

Mpxplay v1.61 MP3,OGG,WAV,AAC,FLAC, WMA, MPC,AC3 player with integrated file browser, spectrum analyser and other features.
QuickView Pro v2.61 Plays MP3,WAV,OGG and view other graphic and video formats.
OpenCP v2.60pre6 DOS music player (MP3, MIDI, MOD, WAV, CD-audio) with spectrum analyser and other features. GPL
DAMP v0.97 WIP 8 Free MP3 Player. Displays synchronised graphics when playing MP3 files. Source code available
XTCPlay v0.97c Graphical audio player of MP3, WAV, S3M, MOD and more from the demo group Sanction.
DOSAMP v0.8 DOSAMP is a freeware command-line MP3 player.


Graphics_Programs/Screensavers

QuickView Pro v2.61 Plays MP4(!), AVI (incl DivX), MPG, MOV (Quicktime), MP3, WAV, OGG and view other graphic formats.
NConvert v6.88 command line batch image processor with more than 80 commands and compatible with 500 image formats.
PictureViewer 1.94 PictureViewer can view and convert many graphic formats. Freeware
SEA v1.3 This shareware viewer/converter/image manipulator has an easy to use GUI
LXPIC v7.3 Small (size of exe :20K!) yet powerful viewer of JPG, GIF, PCX, CAM and others
MPEGone v1.10 DOS MPEG and VideoCD player
DVD4DOS Beta 1 non-realtime playback of DVD movies

Utilities

Cute Mouse Driver v2.1 beta 4 Mouse driver with wheel support for both AT and PS/2 mice; uses only 3K (!) of memory
BenQ (Acer) CDROM driver v2.14 Uses only 5K and works with many IDE CDROM drives
SHSUCDX v3.03F MSCDEX replacement ; uses only 11K resident ; can be unloaded. Now part of SHSUCD, a suite of programs dealing with the CD-ROM. Older versions here
UMBPCI V3.87 Free hardware UMB driver (only 240 bytes) for DOS/Win9x - replaces EMM386.EXE
Srdisk v2.09c dynamically ReSizeable RAMDisk for FreeDOS (and other DOSes) able to use over 32M of XMS and EMS memory. GPL
XMSDSK.EXE v1.9i Freeware resizable ramdisk;can be installed/uninstalled from the command line.

Applications

Corel WordPerfect Suite for DOS Excellent website about WPDOS including printing to USB printers, Euro Support, running WP in 64 bit Windows and MUCH more
Account Pro accounting software for DOS Manage your accounts. freeware
As-Easy-As v5.7As-Easy-As Spreadsheet program. Now freeware
Cash Register v7.1j Convert any PC into a cash register/Point of Sale system. Freeware
PEDIT v4.0 Excellent freeware text editor.Includes spell-checker,thesaurus,word wrap and MUCH more.
EDITV 4.1 Freeware DOS text editor with the look and feel of Borland's IDE editor
SET's editor v0.5.4 Familiar Borland interface with syntax highlighting and background playing of MP3 files!
MinEd 2014.24.2 Text editor with extensive Unicode support
DOSStart v1.9b build 9.2.2002 GUI for launching programs (uses Win9x "Start" button approach) and managing files.
Spectra v1.0 (formerly WinDOS) a GUI DOS file manager / shell. Source code available
Access v5.0RC2 Freeware graphical DOS menu program. Supports SVGA, built-in CD player; can use Windows icons
AUMenu for DOS and Unix v1.4.3a multi-platform menu shell for DOS and Linux. DOS version is free
Directory Freedom v4.61B Small (single 39K exe), fast freeware file/directory manager. Source code available
File Maven v3.5a Freeware file manager with Laplink-style file transfers via serial or parallel cable


Alternative DOSes (all MSDOS compatible OSes other than MSDOS itself - including emulators)

FreeDOS v1.2 RC2 A GNU GPLed version of DOS. Also has lots of DOS-related news
FreeDOS images for VirtualBox Ulrich Hansen's page provides FreeDOS images for VirtualBox and various tips for running FreeDOS in Virtualbox
Cobalt 1.2(formerly known as Carbon) a DOS distro based on FreeDOS with long filename support
LightDOS Prerelease 4 DOS distro with the oZone desktop environment, long file name support and more.
XFDOS 2.0 FreeDOS distro with graphical SLWM desktop manager and bundled with many applications including web browser, email client, PDF viewer and more
DR-DOS 7.01.08 WIP (21.7.2011) patches to enhance the capabilities of DR-DOS/OpenDOS 7.0x
DOSBox 0.74 open source DOS x86 emulator for Windows, Linux to (primarily) play DOS games
IBM PC DOS 2000 Last version of PC DOS offers Y2K compliance and support for Euro symbol. Only a info page from the Wayback archive
DR-DOS 7.03 From DeviceLogics (formerly Lineo/Caldera), has native FAT32 support. Marketed towards embedded systems
Lineo DR-DOS 7.03b unoffical site about DR-DOS, a DOS which includes Personal Netware and has many other unique features



Fuentes:

informaticamoderna. (2015). Terminos relacionados con MS- DOS. 29-11-2016, de informaticamoderna Sitio web: http://www.informaticamoderna.com/Comand_dos.htm

wikipedia. (2009). MS-DOS. 29-11-2016, de wikipedia Sitio web: https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS

fergarciac.wordpress.com. (2012). Comandos Internos y Externos del MS – Dos. 29-11-2016, de fergarciac.wordpress.com Sitio web: https://fergarciac.wordpress.com/2012/10/14/comandos-internos-y-externos-del-ms-dos/

Hardware

Hardware

Tipical Hardware of a PC:

1. Monitor.

2. Main board.

3. Microprocessor (CPU) and socket.

4. One RAM module and three slots.

5. Two expansion cards and three slots.

6. Power supply.

7. Optical Disc Drive (CD; DVD; BD).

8. Hard disk drive or solid state drive.

9. Keyboard.

10. Mouse.

The word hardware refers to the tangible physical parts of a computer system; Its electrical, electronic, electromechanical and mechanical components.1 Cables, cabinets or boxes, peripherals of all kinds and any other physical element involved make up the hardware; Conversely, software and intangible software is called.

                                                           History

The evolutionary classification of electronic computer hardware is divided into generations, where each represents a remarkable technological change. The origin of the former is simple to establish, since in them the hardware underwent radical changes.5 The essential components that make up the computer electronics were totally replaced in the first three generations, causing changes that were transcendental. In the last decades it is more difficult to distinguish the new generations, since the changes have been gradual and there is some continuity in the technologies used. In principle, we can distinguish:

1st Generation (1945-1956): electronics implemented with vacuum tubes. They were the first machines that displaced the electromechanical components (relays).

2nd Generation (1957-1963): electronics developed with transistors. The discrete logic was very similar to the previous one, but the implementation was much smaller, reducing, among other factors, the size of a computer on a remarkable scale.

3rd Generation (1964-today): electronics based on integrated circuits. This technology allowed the integration of hundreds of transistors and other electronic components into a single integrated circuit printed on a silicon wafer. Computers thus considerably reduced their cost, consumption and size, increasing their capacity, speed and reliability, to produce machines as they exist today.

4th Generation (future): likely to originate when high-scale integrated silicon circuits are replaced by a new type of material or technology.6

The emergence of the microprocessor marks a significant milestone, and for many authors it constitutes the beginning of the fourth generation.7 Unlike the previous technological changes, its invention did not suppose the radical disappearance of the computers that did not use it. Thus, although the microprocessor 4004 was launched in 1971, computers in the early 1980s, such as the PDP-11 / 44.8 with microprocessor-free logic, were still successfully on the market; That is to say, in this case the displacement has been very gradual.

Hardware classification

One of the ways to classify hardware is in two categories: on the one hand, the basic one, which encompasses the set of indispensable components necessary to give the minimum functionality to a computer; And on the other hand, the complementary hardware, which, as its name indicates, is the one used to perform specific (beyond basic) functions, not strictly necessary for the operation of the computer.

Computers are electronic devices capable of interpreting and executing programmed and stored instructions in their memory; Consist mainly of arithmetic-logic and input / output operations.9 Inputs (data) are received, processed and stored (processing), and finally outputs (processing results) are produced. Therefore, every computer system has at least hardware components and devices dedicated to one of the above functions, 10 namely:

Processing: central processing unit

- Storage: Memory

- Input: Input Peripherals (E)

- Output: Output peripherals (S)

- Input / Output: Mixed Peripherals (I / O)

Central processing unit

Dual-core 64-bit microprocessor, the AMD Athlon 64 X2 3600.

The Central Processing Unit, known as the CPU, is the fundamental component of the computer, responsible for interpreting and executing instructions and processing data.12 In modern computers, the CPU function is performed by one or more microprocessors. A microprocessor is known as a CPU which is manufactured as a single integrated circuit.

Central processing units (CPUs) in the form of a single microprocessor are not only present in personal computers (PCs), but also in other types of devices that incorporate a certain capacity of process or "electronic intelligence", as can be : Industrial process controllers, televisions, automobiles, calculators, airplanes, mobile phones, appliances, toys and many more. Currently the most popular designers and manufacturers of PC microprocessors are Intel and AMD; And the market for mobile and low-power devices, the main ones are Samsung, Qualcomm, Texas Instruments, MediaTek, NVIDIA and Intel.

The vast majority of electronic and integrated circuits that make up the computer hardware are mounted on the motherboard.

Main board, motherboard or motherboard

The motherboard, also known as motherboard or mainboard or with the Anglicisms motherboard or mainboard, 13 is a large printed circuit board on which the chipset, the expansion slots (slots), the sockets, connectors, various integrated, etc. are soldered. . It is the fundamental support that houses and communicates to all other components: Processor, RAM modules, graphics cards, expansion cards, input and output peripherals. To communicate these components, the motherboard has a series of buses through which data is transmitted in and out of the system.

The main functions of a motherboard are:

- Physical connection

-Management, control and distribution of electricity

- Data communication

- Timing

- Synchronization

- Control and monitoring

-RAM

RAM

RAM stands for Random Access Memory, literally means random access memory. The term is related to the characteristic of presenting equal access times to any of its positions (either for reading or for writing). This particularity is also known as "direct access", as opposed to sequential access.

RAM is the memory used in a computer for transient and working (non-massive) storage. In the RAM, the information, data and programs that the Processing Unit (CPU) reads, processes and executes is stored temporarily. RAM is known as the main memory of the computer, also as "Central or Working"; 14 unlike so-called auxiliary, secondary or mass storage memories (such as hard disks, solid state drives, magnetic tapes or other memories ).

Peripherals

Peripheral means the units or devices that allow the computer to communicate with the outside, that is, to enter or display information and data.10 Peripherals are those that allow to perform the operations known as input / output (I / O ).

Information input devices (E)

Of this category are those that allow the entry of information, generally from an external source or by the user. Input devices provide the fundamental means for transferring information from a source, either local or remote, to the computer (more properly the processor). They also allow you to fulfill the essential task of reading and loading in memory the operating system and the applications or computer programs, which in turn make the computer operative and make it possible to perform the most diverse tasks.

Information output devices (S)

They are those that allow to emit or output the information resulting from the operations performed by the CPU (processing). The output devices provide the fundamental means for externalizing and communicating the information and data processed; Whether to the user or to another external, local or remote source. The most common devices of this group are the classic monitors (non-touch screen), the printers, the consoles.

While the pendrive (flash memory stick), flash memory or USB memory or solid state drives in the memory category can be classified, they are usually used as mass storage devices.

Graphic hardware

The graphics hardware is basically the graphics cards. These components have their own memory and processing unit, the latter called a graphics processing unit (GPU). The basic objective of the GPU is to perform calculations associated with graphical operations, mainly in floating point, 16 thus releasing the main processor (CPU) from this expensive task (in time) so that it can perform other functions more efficiently. Before those video cards with hardware accelerators, the main processor was responsible for constructing the image while the video section (either card or motherboard) was simply a translator of the binary signals to the signals required by the monitor; And much of the computer's main memory (RAM) was also used for these purposes.

Bibliography

Wikipedia. ( 21 November 2016). Computer hardware. 5 december 2016, de Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. Sitio web: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_hardware

Julián Pérez Porto y María Merino. (2008). DEFINICIÓN DE HARDWARE. 2016, de Definicion.de Sitio web: http://definicion.de/hardware/

The CD-ROM

CD-ROM (Compact Disc, read-only-memory) is an adaptation of the CD that is designed to store computer data in the form of text and graphics, as well as hi-fi stereo sound. The original data format standard was defined by Philips and Sony in the 1983 Yellow Book. Other standards are used in conjunction with it to define directory and file structures, including ISO 9660, HFS (Hierarchal File System, for Macintosh computers), and Hybrid HFS-ISO. Format of a the CD-ROM is the same as for audio CDs: a standard CD is 120 mm (4.75 inches) in diameter and 1.2 mm (0.05 inches) thick and is composed of a polycarbonate plastic substrate (underlayer - this is the main body of the disc), one or more thin reflective metal (usually aluminum) layers, and a lacquer coating.

The Yellow Book specifications were so general that there was some fear in the industry that multiple incompatible and proprietary formats would be created. In order to prevent such an occurrence, representatives from industry leaders met at the High Sierra Hotel in Lake Tahoe to collaborate on a common standard. Nicknamed the High Sierra Format, this version was later modified to become ISO 9660. Today, CD-ROMs are standardized and will work in any standard CD-ROM drive. CD-ROM drives can also read audio compact discs for music, although CD players cannot read CD-ROM discs.

CD-ROM Data Storage

Although the disc media and the drives of the CD and CD-ROM are, in principle, the same, there is a difference in the way data storage is organized. Two new sectors were defined, Mode 1 for storing computer data and Mode 2 for compressed audio or video/graphic data.

CD-ROM Mode 1

CD-ROM Mode 1 is the mode used for CD-ROMs that carry data and applications only. In order to access the thousands of data files that may be present on this type of CD, precise addressing is necessary. Data is laid out in nearly the same way as it is on audio disks: data is stored in sectors (the smallest separately addressable block of information), which each hold 2,352 bytes of data, with an additional number of bytes used for error detection and correction, as well as control structures. For mode 1 CD-ROM data storage, the sectors are further broken down, and 2,048 used for the expected data, while the other 304 bytes are devoted to extra error detection and correction code, because CD-ROMs are not as fault tolerant as audio CDs. There are 75 sectors per second on the disk, which yields a disc capacity of 681,984,000 bytes (650MB) and a single speed transfer rate of 150 KBps, with higher rates for faster CD-ROM drives. Drive speed is expressed as multiples of the single speed transfer rate, as 2X, 4X, 6X, and so on. Most drives support CD-ROM XA (Extended Architecture) and Photo-CD (including multiple session discs).

CD-ROM Mode 2

CD-ROM Mode 2 is used for compressed audio/video information and uses only two layers of error detection and correction, the same as the CD-DA. Therefore, all 2,336 bytes of data behind the sync and header bytes are for user data. Although the sectors of CD-DA, CD-ROM Mode 1 and Mode 2 are the same size, the amount of data that can be stored varies considerably because of the use of sync and header bytes, error correction and detection. The Mode 2 format offers a flexible method for storing graphics and video. It allows different kinds of data to be mixed together, and became the basis for CD-ROM XA. Mode 2 can be read by normal CD-ROM drives, in conjunction with the appropriate drivers.

Data Encoding and Reading

The CD-ROM, like other CD adaptations, has data encoded in a spiral track beginning at the center and ending at the outermost edge of the disc. The spiral track holds approximately 650 MB of data. That's about 5.5 billion bits. The distance between two rows of pits, measured from the center of one track to the center of the next track is referred to as track pitch. The track pitch can range from 1.5 to 1.7 microns, but in most cases is 1.6 microns.

Constant Linear Velocity (CLV) is the principle by which data is read from a CD-ROM. This principal states that the read head must interact with the data track at a constant rate, whether it is accessing data from the inner or outermost portions of the disc. This is affected by varying the rotation speed of the disc, from 500 rpm at the center, to 200 rpm at the outside. In a music CD, data is read sequentially, so rotation speed is not an issue. The CD-ROM, on the other hand, must read in random patterns, which necessitates constantly shifting rotation speeds. Pauses in the read function are audible, and some of the faster drives can be quite noisy because of it.

Bibliography

Year of publication: 2005
Page title: What is CD-ROM? - Definition from WhatIs.com
Website Name: WhatIs.com
Publisher: Margaret Rouse
URL: http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/CD-ROM

Access date: November 12, 2016

Windows

¿What is Windows?

Microsoft Windows (or simply Windows) is a metafamily of graphical operating systems developed, marketed, and sold by Microsoft. It consists of several families of operating systems, each of which cater to a certain sector of the computing industry with the OS typically associated with IBM PC compatible architecture. Active Windows families include Windows NT, Windows Embedded and Windows Phone; these may encompass subfamilies, e.g. Windows Embedded Compact (Windows CE) or Windows Server. Defunct Windows families include Windows 9x; Windows 10 Mobile is an active product, unrelated to the defunct family Windows Mobile.

Microsoft introduced an operating environment named Windows on November 20, 1985, as a graphical operating system shell for MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces (GUIs).[4] Microsoft Windows came to dominate the world's personal computer (PC) market with over 90% market share, overtaking Mac OS, which had been introduced in 1984. Apple came to see Windows as an unfair encroachment on their innovation in GUI development as implemented on products such as the Lisa and Macintosh (eventually settled in court in Microsoft's favor in 1993). On PCs, Windows is still the most popular operating system. However, in 2014, Microsoft admitted losing the majority of the overall operating system market to Android,[5] because of the massive growth in sales of Android smartphones.

Windows History

The history of Windows dates back to September 1981, when Chase Bishop, a computer scientist, designed the first model of an electronic device and project Interface Manager was started. It was announced in November 1983 (after the Apple Lisa, but before the Macintosh) under the name "Windows", but Windows 1.0 was not released until November 1985.[9] Windows 1.0 was to compete with Apple's operating system, but achieved little popularity. Windows 1.0 is not a complete operating system; rather, it extends MS-DOS. The shell of Windows 1.0 is a program known as the MS-DOS Executive. Components included Calculator, Calendar, Cardfile, Clipboard viewer, Clock, Control Panel, Notepad, Paint, Reversi, Terminal and Write. Windows 1.0 does not allow overlapping windows. Instead all windows are tiled. Only modal dialog boxes may appear over other windows.

Windows environment 

“Windows” are the basic objects you work in WINDOWS, each task executed in the program is performed o a windows in the screen, so that it can be changed from one to another winthout having to finish the execution of any of them. Each time the progam is started. 

Main Menu Bar: Contains all the options available in the program spread over various submenus. In both our program and in all Windows applications, the hotkeys in the menu can be activated with the keyboard using the Alt keys or, more common, F10.

General options bar: In this bar are the most commonly used menu options. Thus, the user can access them with the mouse without entering the menu.

Workspace: It is the area of ​​the screen where the open windows are available for the management of the files. You can open as many windows as you like and place them, either manually or through the Window Menu options.  

Message Bar: This bar that always appears in the lower part of the Main Window, provides general information about the application. In addition it allows the modification of some of its fields, without having to have to move to the option of the corresponding Menu.

The information it offers is: Date of Work: Informs and allows the modification of the date of work of the application.

User: Informs and supports the user change. Company and Exercise: It informs and admits the change of company and / or defect exercise. Name of the selected company: Field for information only.

DSG connection: can access through our web icons, e-mail support and remote connection program.

File window: Each of the program files has a file window in which a list of all the records of the file appears in list mode. The file window allows us to move through all the registers, to perform incremental searches or filters, to insert new records, to modify them, to delete them, etc.

Title Bar: It is the bar that appears at the top of the window, it shows the name of the option that we are viewing in that window. If there were several windows open at a time, the active one (the window in which we are working) will have the title bar with different color than the others (usually blue). The windows are activated by clicking anywhere inside them.  

The Minimize, Maximize, and Close Buttons: Appear to the right of the title bar. These buttons are used to quickly resize a window.  

Toolbar: The buttons on this bar allow us to access the options quickly with the mouse. Although these options will always be able to execute them through the context menu, if you are accustomed to the use of the mouse you will find this bar very useful.  

Workspace: It is the area of ​​the window where a file is opened that mostly appears in list format and where the desired record can be located much faster. If the open file has several windows will be available in what will now be called tabs and can be accessed by clicking the mouse in the desired tab.

Message Bar: Displays the results of functions such as sorting, searching and log positioning information.

Bar sorting and searching: Allows the change of sorting and execute searches of registers. Search Item: Notify the user of the text of the incremental search executed in red. 

Active Filter Item: Expressed in red that a search filter is active.

Item Information and No Records: Reports in blue of the total of records and the positioning of the selected record.

Dialog Boxes windows: We have already seen that the files are displayed in file windows. The rest of the windows that appear in Senior are called windows of dialogs, because they serve for the user to interact with the program.

mouse: the user will not be able to manipulate any other part of the program until the dialog box closes.   All the program options in which the user can define their behavior, such as a list of invoices (the user can define, among other things, the range of dates), show a dialog window. In the following illustration we show the dialog box of the Issued Invoices list.

Biblographic Font: 

US National Library of MedicineNational Institutes of Health  Acta Otolaryngol. 2015
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9840510

This article first appeared in FrontLine  June 2003

http://www.proclaimanddefend.org/2012/05/25/windows-the-involvement-of-discipleship

Part of the Operating Systems Glossary june 2015

http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/window

 

Error Message

What is an error message?

An error message is considered as the minimum unit of communication between the computer and the user. Error messages are a warning that occurs when there is any deficiency or damage our computer. Often these errors are often overlooked or is not given due attention which causes the PC suffer severe damage that sometimes end their functional life.

They are considered as the smallest unit of full communication between the user and the computer. The error messages in the system are often a concern for the user since we announced some deficiency or failure in our computer.

STOP 0x0000001E (KMODE_EXCEPTION_NOT_HANDLED)

Cause: Drivers incompatible or poorly made, software serious bugs, faulty hardware.

Explanation: The kernel exception handler has detected that a process is trying to execute an invalid instruction.

Microsoft SQL Server, Error: 18456

By default login failed error message is nothing but a client user connection has been refused by the server due to mismatch of login credentials. First task you might check is to see whether that user has relevant privileges on that SQL Server instance and relevant database too, thats good. Obviously if the necessary prvileges are not been set then you need to fix that issue by granting relevant privileges for that user login.

Althought if that user has relevant grants on database & server if the Server encounters any credential issues for that login then it will prevent in granting the authentication back to SQL Server.

Error Codes programming languages

Most programming languages ​​have at least two types of errors that allow programmers to handle failures of programs in an efficient manner and that is not aggressive with the end user. These errors are compile and runtime errors.

Compilation errors normally inhibit derive the source code into an executable program, while runtime errors are specific situations in which an external event prevents program execution. Regularly efficient programmer should try to figure out how to respond to these events so that the program is not the user or the operating system to solve the problem. So for example an unhandled error block could do the following:

Open the "myfile" file for writing begins to write data in my file closes the file, if "myfile" does not exist (or program or you do not have enough to open privileges), the operating system will return an error that the program catch you and have a message like myfile "file“, "can not be opened for writing" buttons to retry, cancel and abort (in the Windows operating system), which will have no action be repeated indefinitely with no way out of that cycle not as violently assuming the program ended. A code that allowed catch the runtime error would be:

Open the "myfile" file for writing, if the operating system allows it begins to write data to "myfile" if it did not allow it informs the user of what happens returns the user to a point where there is no conflict (the main menu, by example), continues to operate normally.

Different programming languages ​​allow different logical constructs programmers to trap and resolve errors at runtime, such as the assert statements, try and error on different programming languages.

Common programming errors

1.       Division by zero.

2.       Infinite loop.

3.       Arithmetic problems like flooding (overflow) or underflow.

4.       Exceeding the size of the array.

5.       Using an uninitialized variable.

6.       Not permitted access memory (Access Violation).

7.       Loss of memory.

8.       Overflow or underflow the stack (data structure).

9.       Buffer overflow.

10.    Deadlock.

11.    Inadequate indexing tables in databases.

12.    Stack Overflow recursion, when left too many calls on hold.

13.    Blue screen of death.

STOP 0x000000D1 (DRIVER_IRQL_NOT_LESS_OR_EQUAL)

Cause: Driver poorly done.

Explanation: The cause is the same as the error 0x0000000A, but this time it is known that it is a safe driver.

Error "Internet Explorer can not display the webpage"

Solving this Problem. (In Windows 8 or 8.1)

Disable Enhanced Protected Mode

Enhanced Protected Mode is a new feature of Internet Explorer 10. It works by extending existing protected-mode functionality to prevent software installation attackers from accessing personal information and corporate intranets and modifying system settings. To do this, the enhanced protected mode must reduce some of the capabilities available for Internet Explorer. These restrictions may cause problems with the browsing experience when using Internet Explorer. By disabling enhanced protected mode, Internet Explorer performance may improve, but could pose a risk of potential attacks.

Help if you can not make FaceTime calls or receive them. (Iphone)

Common reasons for the problem with FaceTime.

·         FaceTime audio calls or video calls may not be available to all countries, regions or operators.

·         FaceTime is unavailable or may not appear on devices purchased in Saudi Arabia, Pakistan and the United Arab Emirates (including Dubai).

·         FaceTime is not available for call forwarding.

·         If you try to switch from a FaceTime call to a phone call or a FaceTime audio call.

Solving these common FaceTime issues on Iphones

If none of the above reasons apply to you and you still can not make or receive FaceTime calls, follow these steps:

1.       Make sure your device has a Wi-Fi connection to the Internet or a mobile data connection.

2.       Get more information if you're using a router, firewall, or security software that restricts Internet access.

3.       If you are trying to use FaceTime over mobile network, check that mobile data usage is enabled for FaceTime. Go to Settings> Mobile Data> Use Mobile Data for and activate FaceTime.

4.       Go to Settings> FaceTime and confirm that FaceTime is enabled.

5.       If "Waiting for Activation" appears, disables FaceTime and then turns it back on. Find out what to do if you can not turn on FaceTime.

6.       If you do not see the FaceTime setting, make sure Camera and FaceTime are not disabled in Settings> General> Restrictions.

7.       Make sure the phone number or email address that appears is correct.

8.       Go to Settings> General> Date and time, and turn on Automatic adjustment.

9.       Reboot the device.

10.   Please update your device to the latest version of iOS.

Bibliography

Microsft. (2016). Error "Internet Explorer no puede mostrar la página web". 1-11-2016, de Microsoft Sitio web: https://support.microsoft.com/es-es/kb/956196

Apple. (2016). Obtener ayuda si no puedes realizar llamadas de FaceTime ni recibirlas. 1-12-2016, de Apple Sitio web: https://support.apple.com/es-es/HT204168

Wikipedia. (2016). Error de software. 1-12-2016, de Wikipedia Sitio web: https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Error_de_software

Proyect_Sena012. (18-10-2012). MENSAJES DE ERROR EN LOS SISTEMAS INFORMATICOS. 1-12-2016, de Blogger Sitio web: http://mensajes-de-error.blogspot.com/